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Welcome in the World of Software Explore software using following menu list Software Introduction Define Software Software Examples Programming languages used for creating softwares What is Software ? Awesome ! You have amazing question " What is the software ? ". Many of you think that it's a simple term , But it's not a term but it's a big industry. Billions of dollars market . In this covid19 pandemic software industry helped us to connect each other through video, audio calls. Social media channels given us opportunity to share our thoughts easily with wider audience. There are so Many applications of softwares. Software help us in each every field. Software makes our work easy. Software help us to share messages, write notes etc. Many of you asked your teachers about softwares. Maybe ! They gave you the answer to this Question. But that was not sufficient for you to understand software. Do you know why ? Because many teachers just ...

SHIFT REGISTERS Flip flops can be used to store a single bit of binary data (1or 0). However, in order to store multiple bits of data, we need multiple flip flops. Register is a device which is used to store such information. It is a group of flip flops connected in series used to store multiple bits of data. Shift Register is a group of flip flops used to store multiple bits of data.  If the register is capable of shifting bits either towards right hand side or towards left hand side is known as shift register.  TYPES OF SHIFT REGISTER Following are the four types of shift registers based on applying inputs and accessing of outputs. Serial In − Serial Out shift register (SISO) Serial In − Parallel Out shift register (SIPO) Parallel In − Serial Out shift register (PISO) Parallel In − Parallel Out shift register (PIPO) Types Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) the register is loaded with serial data, one bit at a time, with the stored data being available at the output in parallel...

Basics of Decoder  Decoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts abinary code into the desired output signals. It is called decoder because it performs the reverse process of encoder. The process of converting binaryinput code into desirable output is known as decoding.  Figure 1 is the logic symbol of decoder with ‘n’ inputs and ‘m’ outputs. In short, it is multiple inputs and multiple outputs device with proper conversion system.  Note that decoder performs the reverse operation of the encoder. A decoder has ‘n’ number of input lines and ‘m’ number of output lines. There are 2n possible input combinations and the number of outputs (m) are less than or equal to 2n. Decoder converts an n bit code to single active output. The information present in one code is obtained back into the desired code. In general Decoder is circuit which convert specific code into more general form of code. A decoder is a logic circuit that accepts a set of inputs that represents a bina...

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Introduction There are many applications where many devices or systems need to access a common transmission media. Let us consider our cable TV system, in which multiple TV channels are received at home via a shared transmission media. Similarly, in computer networking, many computers need to access a common printer or other shared hardware. In Smart instrumentation, a PC or microcontroller can acquire data gathered from many sensors through a single ADC. Our telephone exchanges utilize these multiplexers and demultiplexers extensively. Multiplexers and demultiplexers are normally used for sharing resources. Multiplexers route the data from many sources to one destination and demultiplexers redistribute data back from one source to many destinations. In this module you will learn about the basic architecture of multiplexers and demultiplexers along with real life applications. Principles of Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Let...

Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) A visual way to simplify logic expressions It gives the most simplified form of the expression Rules to obtain the most simplified expression Simplification of logic expression using Boolean algebra is awkward because: it lacks specific rules to predict the most suitable next step in the simplification process it is difficult to determine whether the simplest form has been achieved. A Karnaugh map is a graphical method used to obtained the most simplified form of an expression in a standard form (Sum-of-Products or Product-of-Sums). The simplest form of an expression is the one that has the minimum number of terms with the least number of literals (variables) in each term. By simplifying an expression to the one that uses the minimum number of terms, we ensure that the function will be implemented with the minimum number of gates. By simplifying an expression to the one that uses the least number of literals for each terms, we ensure that the function will be imp...

Binary codes  Weighted codes Non-weighted codes Alphanumeric codes Error detecting and correcting codes Weighted Codes Obey positional weight principle. A specific weight is assigned to each position of the number. Eg : Binary, BCD codes Non-weighted Codes Do not obey positional weight principle. Positional weights are not assigned. Eg : excess-3 code, Gray code Alphanumeric Codes Designed to represent numbers as well as alphabetic characters. Capable of representing symbols as well as instructions. Eg : ASCII, EBCDIC Error Detecting and Correcting Codes When digital data is transmitted from one system to another, an unwanted electrical disturbance called ‘noise’ may get added to it. This can cause an ‘error’ in digital information. That means a 0 can change to 1 or 1 can change to 0. To detect and correct such errors special type of codes capable of detecting and correcting the errors are used. Eg : Parity code, Hamming code. BCD(Binary Coded Decimal) Code I...

Objectives Understand why computers use binary (Base-2) numbering. Understand how to convert Base-2 numbers to Base-10 or Base-8. Understand how to convert Base-8 numbers to Base-10 or Base 2. Understand how to convert Base-16 numbers to Base-10, Base 2 or Base-8. Why Binary System? Computers are made of a series of switches Each switch has two states:  ON or OFF Each state can be represented by a number – 1 for “ON” and 0 for “OFF” Number System The position  of every different digit represents a different multiple of base. For every general number, we have to multiply each of digit by some power of base(B). Largest value of digit is always one less than base. Decimal Number System : Base 10, digit used : 0 to 9. Octal Number System :  Base 8, digit used : 0 to 7. Hexa Decimal Number System : Base 16, digit used : 0 to 9 , Letters used : A to F. Binary Number System : Base 2, digit used : 0,1. Concept of MSB & LSB MSD -(MOST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT) Leftmost digit having t...